Reply to Weinshall-Margel and Shapard: Extraneous factors in judicial decisions persist
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Extraneous factors in judicial decisions.
Are judicial rulings based solely on laws and facts? Legal formalism holds that judges apply legal reasons to the facts of a case in a rational, mechanical, and deliberative manner. In contrast, legal realists argue that the rational application of legal reasons does not sufficiently explain the decisions of judges and that psychological, political, and social factors influence judicial rulings...
متن کاملJudicial Politics and Sentencing Decisions∗
Racial and gender disparities are prevalent in the criminal justice system, but the sources of these disparities remain largely unknown. This paper investigates whether judge political affiliation contributes to these disparities using data on over 500,000 federal defendants linked to sentencing judge. Exploiting random case assignment, we find that Republican appointed judges sentence black de...
متن کاملproficiency level and factors fostering reticence in efl learners
according to cheng (1999), in recent esl/efl literature, asian (especially east asian) learners of english as a foreign/second language have been arguably reported as reticent and passive learners. the most common allegations are that these students are reluctant to participate in classroom discourse; they are unwilling to give responses; they do not ask questions; and they are passive and over...
15 صفحه اولEvidence-Based Medicine in judicial decisions concerning right to healthcare
OBJECTIVE To analyze, from the examination of decisions issued by Brazilian courts, how Evidence-Based Medicine was applied and if it led to well-founded decisions, searching the best scientific knowledge. METHODS The decisions made by the Federal Courts were searched, with no time limits, at the website of the Federal Court Council, using the expression "Evidence-Based Medicine". With regard...
متن کاملiranian english learners’ perception and personality: a dual approach to investigating influential factors on willingness to communicate
abstract previous studies on willingness to communicate (wtc) have shown the influence of many individual or situational factors on students’ tendency to engage in classroom communication, in which wtc has been viewed either at the trait-level or situational level. however, due to the complexity of the notion of willingness to communicate, the present study suggests that these two strands are ...
ذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
سال: 2011
ISSN: 0027-8424,1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112190108